Geographic Information System(GIS)
A Geographic Information System, Geographical Information Science, or Geospatial Information Studies is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology.
GIS software systems link features on a map to descriptive information known as attribute data. This allows GIS to simultaneously leverage both the visual advantages of a map and the data storage and retrieval advantages of a relational database. The old adage that “a picture is worth a thousand words” is very relevant in this context, as many organizations have substantial amounts of data in tabular form that, when displayed on a map, become much easier to understand and analyze.
The data of GIS is represented in either Raster or Vector data.
Raster:
The information is displayed in Pixels 
Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single value. Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel (or cell) containing a color value.
Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single value. Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel (or cell) containing a color value.
Raster data is stored in various formats, from a standard file-based structure of TIF, JPEG, etc. to binary large object (BLOB) data stored directly in a relational database management system (RDBMS)
Vector:
Vector data is linear and contains points, lines and polygons; Each of these geometries are linked to a row in a database that describes their attributes. For example, a database that describes lakes may contain a lake's depth, water quality, pollution level.
A GIS can be thought of as a system—it digitally creates and "manipulates" spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application-oriented for which a specific GIS is developed. Hence, a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose.
GIS technology enables telecommunication professionals to integrate location-based data into their analytical and management processes. The use of location based analysis can aid network planning and operations, marketing and sales, customer care, and data management.
A GIS based Telecom applications are ideally suited to meet all of the challenges of rapidly developing Telecom industry. It is not only capable of supporting standard GIS functions, but because of its specially developed telecom data model and functionalities, also supports various telecom inventory and OSS related requirements. It enables the Telco engineers to model various OSP objects like manholes, trenches, ducts and cables of all types; termination boxes, panels and splices / connections as well as all kinds of equipment up to port level.
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